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Chemo Nickel Test™ is an easy one step method to detect free Nickel in metallic objects.
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<strong>Nickel Allergies</strong> <br />
Patients with a known, or who suspect they have, a metal allergy will find the following
information on metal allergies, and particularly nickel sensitivity, useful in helping
them to avoid nickel exposure and resulting allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).
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<strong>SUSPECTING METAL ALLERGY</strong>
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The metals that most commonly cause ACD are nickel, chrome and cobalt. In addition
many other metals have occasionally been shown to cause ACD, although with a much
lower incidence than the first three. Gold, palladium and platinum have been responsible
for ACD from jewelry and sometimes industrial exposure. Many metals and metal salts
are irritatimg to the skin, even in absence of ACD.
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<strong>NICKEL THE MOST COMMON METAL ALLERGEN</strong>
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Nickel is by far the most common metal allergen and is more often a problem in
woman than in men. This is possibly related to the wearing of jewelry;
especially pierced earrings. In nature, cobalt is frequently found along with
nickel and therefore is frequently present in metal objects that contain nickel,
either intentionally or accidentally. In addition, cobalt is commonly used in
many other metal alloys and in clay and pottery. It may be present in
manufacturing processes for paint, polyester resins, glass, pigments. In
contrast, chromate (chrome) is not normally found in hard metal objects bust is
found in the form of chromium salts which are present in cement, concrete, and
similar construction materials. It is also used in tan leather goods.<br />
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The incidence of metal allergy has increased over the years, especially among
young females, as the desire to pierce their ears (and noses) has increased.
Across females of all ages the wearing of jewelry is most common cause of nickel
allergy. In men, occupational exposure seems to be a greater risk factor and as
such the hands tend to be the more affected area.
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<br />
As more men pierce their ears an increase in nickel allergy has been seen among
males.
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<strong>DESCRIPTION OF NICKEL</strong>
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Nickel is hard, strong, silver-white metal that resists corrosion and is used
for electroplating and making alloys. Principal exposure is through costume
jewelry (usually the inexpensive type) and other metal objects. Nickel is also
known as niccolum sulfuricum.
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<strong>JEWELRY DERMATITIS</strong>
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The most classic presentation of metal allergy is jewelry dermatitis; among the
types of jewelry, earings seem to be the greatest culprit. Presumably this is
because the pieced earring actually penetrates the epidermal barrier, allowing
potential exposure to tissue fluids at the time of piercing and again thereafter
should trauma or infection occur. Some metal-sensitive individuals react only to
earrings and are able to wear rings, necklaces, or other jewelry without
difficulty. Wristwatch buckles and bands and eyeglass frames are also possible
causes of metal jewelry dermatitis.
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Skin discoloration that sometimes takes place on the skin under jewelry (known
as black dermographism) usually results from the reaction of sulphides and
chlorides in perspiration with the gold alloy. This should not be mistaken for
an allergic reaction.
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Symptoms may worsen during various seasons or times of increased perspiration.
This occurs because sweat can cause leaching or dissolving out of metals.
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<strong>EXPOSURE LIST</strong>
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Nickel is found in many metallic items either electroplated or as alloy. They
often have silvery appearance and include the following:
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1 Costume jewelry (especially earring, silver or white gold)
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2 Wearing apparel(snaps, buttons, zippers, etc.)
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3 Coins and keys
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4 Tools utensils and instruments
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5 Metal parts of furniture
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6 Batteries
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7 Machinery parts
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8 Metal-cutting fluids and coolants
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9 Nickel plating for alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver and German
silver.
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<strong>SOURCES OF NICKEL DERMATITIS</strong>
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Location Nickel Source
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Scalp Hairpins, curlers and bobby pins
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Eyelids Eyelash curler
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Earlobes Earrings
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Back of Ears Eyeglass frames
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Sides of Face Bobby pins, curlers, dental instruments, transfer from hands
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Lips Metal pins held in mouth and in metal lipstick holder
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Neck Clasp of necklace and zipper
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Upper chest Medallions and metal identification tags
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Abdomen Metal buttons on blue jeans
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Breast Wire brassiere support
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Thighs Garter clasps, metal chairs, metal coins in the pockets, etc
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Palms Handles of doors, handbags, metal tools or parts in workplace
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Fingers Rings, thimbles, needles, scissors, coins and pens, paper clips, etc.
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Wrist Watchbands, bracelets, metal buttons
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Arms Bracelets
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Ankles Bracelets
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Top of foot Metal eyelets of shoes
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Legs Zipper of boots
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<strong>OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE</strong>
Men have a greater frequency of sensitization to nickel at work than women.
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Wet work tends to increase the likelihood of a sensitization. The following are
listings of examples of occupations at risk and sources of possible occupational
nickel exposure. Occupations at Risk Occupational Nickel Source
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Metal Workers Alkaline Batterie
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Electroplater Blackening zinc and bras
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Hairdresser Ceramics
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Nurse, medical or dental assistant Coatings (electroplating)
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Tailor Duplicating fluids and fluxes (brazing)
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Cook, Waitress Dyes
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Cleaning person Electrical wiring
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Office worker Enamel (green: nickel oxide)
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Electronics worker Fuel additives
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Dairy worker Hardening of fats (acts as catalyst)
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Librarian Insecticides
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Chemical Cleaner Magnet cores
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Engine fitter Mordant in dying and printing fabrics
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Locksmith Nickel alloys, nickel plating
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Chemical worker Paint for glass
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Electrician Pigments of wallpaper and paint
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Construction worker Reagents and catalysts (plastics)
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<strong>DIETARY EXPOSURE</strong>
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The dietary role of nickel in metal hypersensitivity has been highly researched.
However, it is not been found to be a significant contributor to ACD. The
practicality of diet modification is variable, depending on the patient's
willingness to take necessary measures. It is also difficult because the nickel
content of various foods can vary greatly. Additionally, the use of fresh
vegetables and fruits in place of canned foods could also be beneficial, if
desired. The following is a list of foods high in nickel content:
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Baked Soda Cocoa/Chocolate
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Gelatin Kippered herring
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Nuts (walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts) Oats
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Peas Red kidney beans
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Rye Soya beans/legume
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Tea Whole wheat
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Canned foods are higher in nickel than fresh food equivalents.
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<strong>PREVENTION OR AVOIDANCE OF NICKEL</strong>
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The most effective means of preventing nickel sensitization would be to reduce
exposure to nickel from costume jewelry, particulary earrings, and other nickel
containing materials. When purchasing earrings ask for stainless steel studs in
order to avoid nickel. Also in occupational risk areas protective devices
(gloves, etc.) Should be used.
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Examples of measures that can be taken include:
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1 Ears could be pierced only with hyoallegenic surgical steel parts.
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2 Avoid wearing pierced earrings if any inflammation develops.
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3 Clear nail polish can be used to coat jewelry and clothing buttons. This
should be repeated weekly to maintain barrier.
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4 A jeweler can plate the jewelry with rhodium or platinum (not palladium)
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5 Keys can be made of aluminum instead of nickel.
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6 All metal jewelry or objects with which prolonged contac occurs should be
tested with a nickel spot test. (CHEMO-NICKEL TEST®)
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<strong>
SELF-TESTING FOR NICKEL CONTENT IN METALS WITH:
CHEMO-NICKEL TEST®, " THE ONE STEP TEST KIT"</strong>
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If you have a specific allergic contact dermatitis to nickel it is important
that you are able to identify any objects or materials that contain nickel.
There is a simple test that can can be used to make this determination. It is
called CHEMO-NICKEL TEST®. This one step test contains a solution of 1%
dimethylglyoxime ethanolammoniacal. The complete test kit contains A 6ml bottle
of the solution, applicators and specific instruction for use
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<strong>Instructions for use:</strong>
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CHEMO-NICKEL TEST®, " THE ONE STEP TEST KIT" is simple to use: Moisten the
applicator with the solution and rub in a circular motion against the suspected
object for 30-60 seconds. If the rubbed location on the item turns color (pink
to reddish), it indicates a positive reaction and presence of nickel in a
concentration of at least 1:10,000. If there is no color change, there is no
nickel present. The test chemicals do not harm the tested items.
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As with all chemical based products in the household, KEEP IT OUT OF THE REACH
OF CHILDREN AND STORE IT IN A COOL PLACE. Prior to subsequent use make certain
that the product is not beyond the expiry date shown on the label.
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<img src="Images/NT-INS.jpg" />
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<i>CHEMO-NICKEL TEST® is a trademark of Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB , Malmo,
Sweden.</i>
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